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Bismarck, ND - Divorce lawyer represented Defendant contesting modification of his child support obligation.

In 2017, Gerving and Tania Gerving, now known as Tania Tschaekofske,
divorced. They have two children together and agreed to have equal residential
responsibility for the children. A 2017 amended judgment ordered Gerving to
pay Tschaekofske $127 per month in child support for the two children after
offsetting the parties’ child support obligations.
[¶3] The parties’ older child is no longer a minor. In 2020, the State moved to
modify the child support obligation. The State alleged Gerving is selfemployed, his average gross annual income is $361,339 from his selfemployment activities and gains, his net monthly income is $21,214, his child
support obligation should be modified to $3,129 per month under the child
support guidelines, and he should pay $2,444 per month in child support after
the parties’ support obligations are offset.
[¶4] Gerving opposed the State’s motion to increase his child support
payments, arguing the State did not correctly apply the child support
guidelines to determine the proposed amount of child support and the
calculations do not accurately reflect his income. He also moved to modify the
division of the child’s expenses, arguing the parties agreed he would pay all of
the child’s private school tuition when the parties divorced in 2017 and the
expense needed to be re-divided if his child support obligation increased.
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[¶5] After a hearing, the district court considered the parties’ arguments and
their proposed child support calculations, found Gerving is a self-employed
farmer, and said the State’s child support calculations did not give Gerving
credit for depreciation deductions. The court ordered the State and Gerving to
submit updated child support calculations consistent with the court’s order,
specifically including the depreciation deductions when calculating Gerving’s
net income. The State sent the court a letter explaining the depreciation
deductions were considered in calculating any gains in its child support
calculations.
[¶6] The district court granted the State’s motion to modify child support and
adopted the State’s child support calculations. The court determined Gerving’s
five-year average income from self-employment activities, and found Gerving
has a net monthly income of $21,214 and his child support obligation is $3,129
per month. The court found Tschaekofske has a net monthly income of $3,734
and her child support obligation is $701 per month. The court offset the parties’
child support obligations and ordered Gerving to pay Tschaekofske $2,428 per
month in child support for one child. A second amended judgment was entered.
II
[¶7] Child support determinations involve questions of law which are fully
reviewable, findings of fact subject to the clearly erroneous standard of review,
and some matters of discretion subject to the abuse of discretion standard of
review. Eubanks v. Fisketjon, 2021 ND 124, ¶ 6, 962 N.W.2d 427. A finding of
fact is clearly erroneous if it is induced by an erroneous view of the law, there
is no evidence to support it, or if, after reviewing the entire record, we are left
with a definite and firm conviction a mistake has been made. Id.
III
[¶8] Gerving argues the district court erred in calculating his net income in
order to determine his child support obligation.
[¶9] The district court must comply with the child support guidelines in
calculating a parent’s child support obligation, and the court errs as a matter
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of law when it does not comply with the guidelines. Gooss v. Gooss, 2020 ND
233, ¶ 15, 951 N.W.2d 247. The interpretation and proper application of the
child support guidelines is a question of law, which is fully reviewable on
appeal. Id. “The failure to properly apply the child support guidelines to the
facts involves an error of law.” Id. (quoting State ex rel. K.B., 2009 ND 45, ¶ 8,
763 N.W.2d 462).
[¶10] To determine an obligor’s child support obligation, the district court is
required to determine the obligor’s net income and apply that amount to the
child support guidelines to calculate the support obligation. Eubanks, 2021 ND
124, ¶ 7. The obligor’s net income from all sources must be considered. N.D.
Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-02(3). “[A] proper finding of net income is essential
to determine the correct amount of child support.” Halberg v. Halberg, 2010
ND 20, ¶ 10, 777 N.W.2d 872 (quoting Gunia v. Gunia, 2009 ND 32, ¶ 13, 763
N.W.2d 455). The court must determine the obligor’s gross income and then
deduct the items listed in N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-01(6) to determine
net income. See Halberg, at ¶ 10.
[¶11] The child support guidelines define gross income as “income from any
source, in any form.” N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-01(4). Examples of gross
income include gains and net income from self-employment, but nonrecurring
capital gains are expressly excluded from the definition of gross income. Id.
The guidelines also define self-employment, stating:
“Self-employment” means employment that results in an obligor
earning income from any business organization or entity which the
obligor is, to a significant extent, able to directly or indirectly
control. For purposes of this chapter, it also includes any activity
that generates income from rental property, royalties, business
gains, partnerships, trusts, corporations, and any other
organization or entity regardless of form and regardless of whether
such activity would be considered self-employment activity under
the Internal Revenue Code.
N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-01(10).
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[¶12] Section 75-02-04.1-05, N.D. Admin. Code, governs how net income from
self-employment is calculated and requires the district court to average the
income over a period of time. Net income from self-employment is “total
income, for internal revenue service purposes, of the obligor.” N.D. Admin.
Code § 75-02-04.1-05(1). The guidelines anticipate an obligor’s income from
self-employment may fluctuate and require the court to average the income
from each self-employment activity over a period of time:
Self-employment activities may experience significant changes in
production and income over time. To the extent that information is
reasonably available, the average of the most recent five years of
each self-employment activity, if undertaken on a substantially
similar scale, must be used to determine self-employment income.
N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-05(4). The guidelines also regulate when a loss
from a self-employment activity may be used to reduce other income, stating,
“When three or more years were averaged . . . a loss resulting from the
averaging may be used to reduce other income that is not related to the selfemployment activity that produced the loss only if the loss is not related to a
hobby activity, [and] losses were calculated for no more than forty percent of
the years averaged.” N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-05(7).
[¶13] The district court adopted the State’s child support calculations. The
court found Gerving has various self-employment activities, including his
farming and ranching operation, a partnership with his brother that owns real
property (Gerving Brothers LLP), a subchapter S corporation that purchased
real property, some of which Gerving rents for his farming operation (Gerving,
Inc.), rental income from a property in Bismarck, and rental income from land
that he subleases. The court calculated Gerving’s average income from each of
these sources and his average gains listed on his tax returns from the sale of
cattle and farm equipment. The court made findings about Gerving’s selfemployment income from his farming and ranching operation, stating:
[Gerving’s] personal tax returns reflect that he had a net loss of
income from [the farming and ranching operation] in three of the
five years considered. According to his tax returns, this operation
had the following income amounts:
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2015 ($208,471)
2016 $7,940
2017 $40,358
2018 ($692,719)
2019 ($921,002)
Total: ($1,773,894) / 5 = ($354,779)
The court found Gerving reported a net loss for the farming operation in three
of the last five years, he had losses in more than forty percent of the years
considered, and therefore the average loss cannot be used to reduce other
income and the loss must be excluded from the calculation of his income from
self-employment. The court found Gerving’s business gains from traded farm
equipment and the sale of cattle are recurring gains because Gerving had gains
in each of the five years. The court concluded the gains must be included in
Gerving’s income and determined the five-year average:
For 2015 through 2019, [Gerving’s] 1040 forms and, for 2018
and 2019, his Schedule 1 forms, include as gross income the gains
realized from the sale or trade of his farm equipment and other
business property. Based on his personal tax returns, [Gerving]
reported the following total gains:
2015 $33,801
2016 $73,880
2017 $11,169
2018 $936,872
2019 $573,515
Total $1,629,237 / 5 = $325,847
The court calculated Gerving’s net monthly income and child support
obligation:
Based on the calculation of income from [Gerving’s] different
self-employment activities, and his gains, the following comprises
his total annual gross income for child support purposes:
Gains: $325,847
Gerving, Inc: $10,999
Gerving Brothers, LLP: $77
Land Rental: $24,416
This is a total of $361,339 as [Gerving’s] gross income for child
support purposes. After deductions for federal and state income
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taxes, and his self-employment tax, [Gerving] has a net monthly
income of $21,214, resulting in a child support obligation of
$3,129.00.
A
[¶14] Gerving argues the district court erred by excluding the losses from his
farming operation and including the gains to determine his net income from
self-employment. He contends the court erroneously separated his farm income
and losses from his farm gains, which created an inaccurate picture of his
overall farm income. He claims his farming operation has not changed since
the last time child support was calculated in 2017, but the court used a
calculation increasing his child support obligation from $701 for two children
to $3,129 for one child. He contends the only change was a major overhaul to
federal tax law through the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, Pub. L. No. 115-97
(2017) (TCJA), the TCJA changed how gains are reported and how depreciation
may be handled, and these changes resulted in “phantom income” on his
returns without him receiving any money.
[¶15] The child support guidelines require the district court to calculate the
five-year average from “each self-employment activity” in order to determine
an obligor’s self-employment income. N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-05(4).
Any activity that generates business gains is a self-employment activity. N.D.
Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-01(10). The child support guidelines specifically
exclude nonrecurring capital gains from an obligor’s gross income and this
Court has previously recognized that gains from the sale of farm equipment
may be nonrecurring gains at least under some circumstances. See, e.g., Berge
v. Berge, 2006 ND 46, ¶¶ 3, 14, 710 N.W.2d 417; Longtine v. Yeado, 1997 ND
166, ¶¶ 3, 12, 567 N.W.2d 819. The Department of Human Services explained
its decision to amend the guidelines to exclude nonrecurring capital gains from
gross income, stating, “[A]lthough a capital gain is treated as income for tax
purposes, the cash received is more in the nature of an asset than income and,
accordingly, should not be includible in gross income for guidelines purposes.”
N.D. Dep’t Human Servs., Summary of Comments Received in Regard to
Proposed Amendments to N.D. Admin. Code ch. 75-02-04.1 Child Support
Guidelines, 1 (April 7, 2015). Gerving did not argue to the district court that
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the gains were nonrecurring and he does not argue on appeal that the district
court erred in concluding all of the gains are recurring. Therefore we will not
address the issue of whether the court erred in finding all of the gains were
recurring.
[¶16] Gerving testified he is self-employed as a farmer and rancher and he
owns his own farming and ranching operation. He testified he trades in
tractors and combines each year, he uses the equipment in the farming
operation, he rotates which equipment he trades, and he trades equipment
regularly to keep his repair bills down and to keep the equipment under
warranty. He testified that any money he receives from selling cattle is
reinvested in the farming and ranching operation and the bank requires him
to use the funds to buy new cows or bulls to keep his herd at the same level,
there are times he has to borrow money to keep the herd at the same level, and
those additional funds to purchase new cattle come from his operating loan.
Steve Eckroth, Gerving’s accountant, testified the expenses related to the farm
equipment and the depreciation on the equipment were included in the net
farming income. He also testified that any money received from the sale of
cattle was either used to purchase new cattle to replace those sold or it would
have been used to pay on operating debt.
[¶17] Gerving testified that some of the capital gains for the last two years
were from trading in farm equipment and he did not receive any money for
that equipment. He testified that he also had some gains from selling cattle
and minor equipment that dealerships will not trade-in. Gerving testified his
capital gains increased greatly in 2018 and 2019 because the tax laws changed
and now include capital gains on traded equipment. Eckroth testified the tax
law changed in 2017 with the TCJA, including the reporting requirements for
traded equipment. He testified that under the prior tax law if a person bought
a combine for $300,000 and traded one in for $200,000 the tax return would
only show the difference of $100,000 and the person would depreciate that
amount. He testified under the new tax law the trade-in value is reported as if
the asset was sold and then the full purchase price of the new equipment is
depreciated, so the new combine is now listed for $300,000 on the depreciation
schedule and the traded combine is shown as if it had been sold for $200,000.
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Eckroth also testified Dean Gerving never received any money for the traded
equipment.
[¶18] The farming and ranching operation and the sale of cattle and the
practice of trading machinery used in the farming and ranching operation are
related activities. The expenses related to the farm machinery and cattle are
included in the farming and ranching operation, including loans to purchase
the equipment and cattle, feed for the cattle, and other expenses. The evidence
established the expenses related to the gains were included in the farming and
ranching operation income. The guidelines require the district court to
calculate the “net income from self-employment.” The court excluded the
expenses related to the gains and only considered the gains. The court
calculated Gerving’s gross income from gains without considering the activity
that led to the gains. The court improperly treated the gains from the sales of
the cattle and the trade-in equipment as an unrelated self-employment
activity.
[¶19] The plain language of the child support guidelines requires using the
losses from the farming and ranching operation to reduce the capital gains
related to the farming and ranching operation. Under the guidelines a loss
from self-employment income may not be used to reduce other unrelated
income if the losses were calculated for more than forty percent of the years
averaged. Section 75-02-04.1-05(7), N.D. Admin. Code, states, “When three or
more years were averaged . . ., a loss resulting from the averaging may be used
to reduce other income that is not related to the self-employment activity that
produced the loss only if the loss is not related to a hobby activity, [and] losses
were calculated for no more than forty percent of the years averaged.”
(Emphasis added). The plain language of the child support guidelines does not
preclude using the loss to reduce income that is related to the self-employment
activity that produced the loss. In this case, the evidence established the
income from the gains is related to the farming and ranching operation that
produced the loss, and therefore the loss from the farming and ranching
operation may be used to reduce income from the related gains.
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[¶20] The income or gains from self-employment activities cannot be separated
from the expenses related to those activities and only the income considered to
determine net income from self-employment. The losses from the farming and
ranching operation and the gains from selling cattle and trading in the farming
equipment are related and must be considered together. We conclude the
district court erred in calculating Gerving’s income from self-employment.
B
[¶21] Gerving argues the district court erred in excluding depreciation from
traded farm equipment after ordering the parties to include it in their proposed
child support calculations. Gerving contends he had atypical gains in 2018 and
2019 due to changes in the federal tax law. Gerving claims the TCJA requires
the equipment traded in to be reported as if it had been sold, resulting in
phantom income, and the TCJA also allows the new equipment to be fully
depreciated in the same year, which is a bonus depreciation. He contends the
bonus depreciation from the new equipment counteracts or balances the
phantom income from the gain resulting from the traded equipment and the
bonus depreciation should be considered when calculating his income from the
gains.
[¶22] The district court entered an order on the State’s motion to modify
support, explained the recent changes to the tax law, and said the State’s
calculations ignored the depreciation permitted under the current tax code.
The court ordered Gerving’s net income should not include the full value of the
traded equipment without considering the permitted deductions under the tax
code. The court later adopted the State’s calculations and found the
depreciation for each piece of business property sold or traded was taken into
consideration.
[¶23] This Court has said a district court cannot add depreciation deductions
back into an obligor’s net income when determining a child support obligation.
Clark v. Clark, 2006 ND 182, ¶ 27, 721 N.W.2d 6. “Net income from selfemployment means total income, for internal revenue service purposes, of the
obligor.” N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-05(1). The guidelines use an obligor’s
total income from tax returns to determine child support without adding
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depreciation back into an obligor’s net income. Torgerson v. Torgerson, 2003
ND 150, ¶ 14, 669 N.W.2d 98.
[¶24] There was no evidence of an error related to the depreciation on
Gerving’s tax returns. The district court did not add any depreciation back into
Gerving’s net income. The depreciation on the farm equipment was accounted
for in calculating the income from the farming operation. The district court did
not err by failing to add additional depreciation to offset the gains from the
traded equipment. However, the court must use any losses from the farming
operation to reduce the income from the gains on remand, which will allow the
depreciation and the gains from the farm equipment to be considered together.
C
[¶25] Gerving argues the district court erred in including land rent as income.
He contends he sublets grazing land that was part of the land he rents from
the landowner, he pays the landowner rent for the farmland and the sublessor’s
share of the rent for the grazing land, and the court did not consider the
expenses related to the rental land.
[¶26] The district court included the rental income to calculate Gerving’s net
income for child support, finding:
[Gerving] also reports income from the rental of land. While
[he] contends that he realizes no actual income from this property,
because it is the sub-lease of real property he rents from others, it
was confirmed by his accountant that he claims the expenses of
this sub-leased land on [his] personal tax returns. Therefore, it is
income for purposes of child support calculations. Since he claimed
the expenses associated with the sub-leased acreage, the rental
payments are reported as income. Pursuant to his personal tax
returns, he reported the following amounts on IRS Schedule E:
2015 $40,241
2016 $31,072
2017 $27,649
2018 $11,486
2019 $11,634
Total $122,082 / 5 = $24,416
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This five-year average net income from self-employment must be
included in [Gerving’s] total net income from self-employment.
[¶27] Income from rental property is income from self-employment and must
be included in calculating the obligor’s gross income. N.D. Admin. Code § 75-
02-04.1-01(4) and (10).
[¶28] Gerving testified all of the rental income he receives from land is from
subleasing land to another individual. He testified he rents land from the
landowner, the land has grazing land with it, he does not use the grazing land,
the landowner asks him to find someone to sublease the grazing land, the
rental rate is determined by the landowner, and he is required by his contract
with the landowner to sublease the grazing land at the same rate he pays to
the landowner to rent that land. He testified that he does not make any money
off the transaction.
[¶29] Eckroth testified that he did not know the land Gerving was renting out
was subleased when he did Gerving’s tax returns, and because he did not know
the rental land was a sublease arrangement the expenses for the property are
not accurately reported on the tax returns. He testified the rent expense that
Gerving paid should not have been included with the farm expenses and should
be on the same schedule as the rental income to reflect the expenses were for
the rental property. He testified Gerving does not receive any net income from
the rental property because he is required to rent it out for the same amount
he pays the landowner.
[¶30] Net income from self-employment is total income for internal revenue
service purposes. N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-05(1). Evidence established
the expenses for the rental income were included on the tax returns in an
improper location and were included in calculating the self-employment
income from the farm and ranch operation. There was an error on the tax
returns and the tax returns did not accurately reflect Gerving’s income from
the rental property. The expenses for the rental property need to be properly
included with the income from that self-employment activity to determine
Gerving’s net income from the rental property and should not be included in
calculating his self-employment income from the farming and ranching
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operation. The district court erred by failing to consider the expenses when it
calculated Gerving’s net self-employment income from the rental property.
IV
[¶31] Gerving argues the district court erred by failing to allow a deviation in
the amount of his child support obligation for payment of the child’s private
school tuition. He contends he should have been allowed a deviation under
N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-09(2)(c).
[¶32] The district court has discretion to grant a child support deviation.
Gooss, 2020 ND 233, ¶ 17. A court abuses its discretion when it acts in an
unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary manner or when its decision is not
the product of a rational mental process. Id. There is a presumption that the
amount of child support resulting from the application of the guidelines is the
correct amount. N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-09(1). However, the
presumption may be rebutted “if a preponderance of the evidence establishes
that a deviation from the guidelines is in the best interest of the supported
children and . . . [t]he increased need if educational costs have been voluntarily
incurred, at private schools, with the prior written concurrence of the obligor.”
N.D. Admin. Code § 75-02-04.1-09(2)(c).
[¶33] The district court found Gerving is required to pay the tuition for the
child’s private school under the terms of the divorce judgment. The court
ordered Gerving shall continue to be obligated to pay the child’s private school
tuition and that obligation has no impact on the child support calculation.
[¶34] The parties filed a stipulated divorce settlement agreement and
parenting plan, which included an agreement that Gerving “agrees to continue
to be responsible for [the children’s] school tuition until they graduate from
high school.” The stipulation was adopted by the district court and
incorporated into the divorce judgment. The district court did not abuse its
discretion by denying Gerving’s request for a deviation in the amount of his
child support for the school tuition expense.

Outcome: We have considered all remaining issues and arguments and conclude
they are either without merit or are unnecessary to the outcome of our decision.
We reverse the judgment and remand for the district court to properly apply
the child support guidelines consistent with this opinion.

Plaintiff's Experts:

Defendant's Experts:

Comments: